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Korean martial artsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Korean martial arts (Hangul: 무술 or 무예, Hanja: 武術 or 武藝) are the martial arts that are native to, or were adapted and modified by, Korea. The best known are Taekwondo, Kuk Sool Won and Hapkido, although there has been a revival of Korean sword arts as well as knife fighting and archery.
OriginsMuch of Korea's martial heritage was lost during the 1910–1945 Japanese occupation of Korea. During the late Joseon period, traditional Korean martial arts were not popular because neo-Confucian doctrine advocated academics rather than martial practice. After the Japanese occupation, new Korean martial arts like hapkido and taekwondo blossomed, and interest in Korea's own ancient martial traditions grew. Early Korean martial artsMartial arts have existed in Korea since the earliest ages. During the Goguryeo (고구려) Dynasty, it is believed that subak (수박/手搏, a general term for barehand martial arts imported from China [pronounced Shoubo]), swordsmanship, spear-fighting, and horse riding were practiced. Paintings showing martial arts were found in 1935 on the walls of royal tombs, believed to been built for Goguryeo kings, sometime between 3–427 CE. Which techniques were practiced during that period is, however, something that cannot be determined from these paintings. Subak is mentioned in government records from the Goguryeo dynasty through the Joseon (or Yi) dynasty (조선왕조, 1392–1910). Subak and TaekgyeonIt is believed that the warriors from the Silla (신라) Dynasty (57 BCE–668 CE) learned subak from the neighboring Goguryeo armies when they appealed for their help against invading Japanese pirates. Practicing subak became part of the training for Silla's hwarang (화랑) warriors, and this contributed to the spread of subak on the Korean peninsula. But again, it is not known exactly which techniques the hwarang warriors practiced. Buddhist monks, who added more spiritual aspects to the art, often instructed the hwarang warriors. Their greatest contribution to the development of Korean martial arts is probably adding a spiritual dimension to the training practices, something that Korean martial arts lacked before. Empty-handed combat appears to have played a small role; most of the emphasis was on armed combat. It has only been recently that empty-handed co,bat has gained more popularity than armed combat. The Buddhist influence on the hwarang warriors is most notably seen in the moral code Sae Sok O-Gye (세속오계), written by Won Kwang (원광: 圓光), consisting of five rules:[1]
The development of subak continued also during the Goryeo Dynasty (935–1392). Goryeo records that mention the martial arts always include passages about subak. The Goryeo government, however, outlawed the practice of subak by civilians because people used to bet at subak games. Subak eventually divided into two separate martial arts, taekgyeon (택견) and yusul (유술), probably in the last years of the Goryeo Dynasty or the early years of the Joseon Dynasty. It is believed that many techniques were lost at this time. Joseon Dynasty records and books often mention taekgyeon, and taekgyeon players are portrayed on several paintings from that era. The most famous painting is probably the Dae Kwae Do (대괘도 hanja(*): 大快圖), painted in 1846 by Hyesan Yu Suk (혜산 유숙, 1827-1873), which shows men competing in both ssireum (씨름) and taekgyeon. Martial art manualsDuring the Imjin War (임진왜란, 1592–1598), Korean armies fought off a Japanese invasion. The Japanese had imported guns from Portugal and wanted to conquer the mainland. With Chinese assistance, the Koreans turned back the invaders, but with heavy loss of men and cultural heritage. It was also during this war that the famous turtle ships (Geobukson, 거북선) were used by Admiral Yi Sun-sin. These ships were covered with an iron shield, much like the shell of a turtle, which could withstand the gun attacks of the Japanese. In 1593, Korea received help from China to win back Pyongyang. During one of the battles, the Koreans learned about a martial art manual titled Ji Xiao Xin Shu (紀效新書 Kor.: 기효신서), written by the Chinese military strategist Qi Jiguang (戚继光 Kor.: 척계광). King SeonJo (선조, 1567-1608) took a personal interest in the book, and ordered his court to study the book. This led to the creation of the Mu Ye Je Bo (무예제보 hanja: 武藝諸譜) in 1599 by Han Kyo (한교), who had studied the use of several weapons with the Chinese army. In 1759, the book was revised and published at the Mu Ye Sin Bo (무예신보 hanja: 武藝新譜).[2] In 1790, these two books formed the basis, together with other Korean, Chinese, and Japanese martial art manuals, of the richly illustrated Mu Ye Do Bo Tong Ji (무예도보통지 hanja: 武藝圖譜通志). The book does not refer to taekgyeon, but shows influences from Chinese martial arts. It deals mostly with armed martial arts like sword fighting, double-sword fighting, spear fighting, stick fighting, and so on. The chapter that deals with a style of empty-hand fighting called Kwon Bub (권법/拳法 or "fist methods," a generic name for empty-handed combat; the word is the Korean pronunciation of quanfa) shows techniques that resemble Chinese fighting—quite different from taekgyeon. According to the Mu Ye Do Bo Tong Ji, empty-handed combat should be learned before armed combat, since it forms the basis of a martial education. It also states that internal styles are better suited for fighting than external styles, which is remarkable since Koreans never developed their own internal styles until then. The interest in Korean martial arts began to decline during the later Joseon Dynasty, under the influence of Neo-Confucianism, and it was only because of the interest the common people had in traditions like taekgyeon and because of the Mu Ye Do Bo Tong Ji that these traditions managed to survive. Modern Korean martial artsThe history of every modern Korean martial art starts after the Japanese occupation (1910–1945), and was heavily influenced by Japanese martial arts. These Japanese arts were introduced to Korea during the occupation or brought to Korea by Koreans who had studied in Japan. (Korean martial arts were banned.) After the occupation, Korean masters claimed linkage to traditional Korean martial arts like subak and denied any connection with Japanese martial arts, mostly because of the bitterness Koreans felt for the Japanese, especially in the first few decades after the occupation. Although the influence of Japanese martial arts is undeniable and still existent, many modern Korean martial arts have diverged from their Japanese counterparts. Ancient books like the Mu Ye Do Bo Tong Ji became popular study material for Korean martial artists, and influenced the development of many modern Korean martial arts. For example, Koreans who had studied Japanese kendo during the colonization period studied the Mu Ye Do Bo Tong Ji to rediscover their own cultural heritage and recreated the traditional Korean martial arts. Historically, many Japanese martial arts came from Korea—and thus, that many Japanese martial arts should be viewed as having roots in Korea. Just as the Japanese turned the martial techniques of older ages into something distinctively Japanese, so the Koreans took the Japanese arts and turn them into something that suited their needs. Although martial arts like taekwondo (태권도) and tangsudo (당수도) have their roots in karate, they have taken their own route of development and transformed into unique Korean martial arts. In a similar manner, hapkido (합기도) developed from Daito Ryu (大東流), but also with influences from traditional Korean and Chinese martial arts, into a distinctively Korean martial art. Martial artsTaekwondoIn the late 19th century and early 20th century, Koreans were exposed to Japanese versions of Chinese martial arts, such as Shotokan karate. A great deal of systemization of martial arts came from Japan to Korea during Japan's occupation of Korea through outlawing traditional Korean practices and allowing only the Japanese education system to be legal. Even with the ban on Korean practices, some Koreans were able to influence Japan's martial art style, most notably Choi Yeong-Eui, who practiced martial arts in Korea at a very young age, moved to Japan and began learning Shotokan karate from Gichin Funakoshi at age 15, then later as an adult developed Kyokushin karate. Other Korean students in Japan also studied Japanese martial arts, a number of whom were students of Funakoshi. Their mastery of karate led to its modification, developing a new martial art called Taekwondo that incorporated taekgyeon-style kicks. At the same time, many Koreans studied martial arts in neighboring Manchuria and China. After the 1945 liberation, Korean martial artists made conscious efforts to re-establish Korean martial arts and distance themselves from the influence of Japanese occupation, including incorporating or preserving what remained of traditional Korean arts. Hapkido artsChoi Yong Sul returned from Japan after World War II and started teaching a martial art style that he said he had learned form Sokaku Takeda. He called his style Yawara, but it was later renamed to Hapki Yusool and again renamed to hapkido. Students of Choi Yong Sul, such as Ji Han Jae, helped to spread this art. Hapkido helped to re-vitalize traditional Korean martial arts by providing systemization and becoming incorporated into other martial art styles. This process complemented modern Korean martial arts like Kuk Sool Won and Hwarangdo. Revival artsMany modern Korean martial arts have been influenced by both traditional and imported Korean martial arts, while some have also relied on manuals like the Mu Ye Je Bo and the Mu Ye Do Bo Tong Ji. People trying to revive the old martial traditions of Korea studied these books and started new arts like Sibpalki and Muye24gi. OthersThere are also many modern Korean martial arts that are recompilations or reorganizations of techniques from traditional or imported arts. Many of these arts visually appear to have more of a Chinese influence than other Korean martial arts (except for taekgyeon). Others have been influenced by boxing or other Western influences as well. Additionally, it is not clear who created these arts in the first place in their most ancient form—often, exponents of Korean martial arts argue that Korea in fact created these arts in ancient times, which then passed over to Japan, and then were later re-imported back to Korea. Historically, many cultural features, including Chinese calligraphy, Buddhism, pottery techniques, city design, and political systems, were transmitted from China to Korea, and in modified form, retransmitted to Japan, which further modified them. As with other adjacent cultures, constant borrowings and adaptations in various directions make claims of origin very difficult to prove. The forms of martial arts that may today be viewed as being traditional Korean martial arts (as opposed to modern Korean martial arts) are taekgyeon and a handful of other martial arts such as subyokchigi, mudokkwan subakdo, and various weapon and archery martial arts, as well as Buddhist martial arts such as seonmudo and wrestling such as ssireum. Taekgyeon is also the only Korean martial art that received the status of 'intangible cultural asset' (no. 76) from the Korean government. Teaching methodsModern Korean martial arts systemization and presentation are very similar to modern Japanese martial arts (i.e., barefoot, with uniforms, classes executing techniques simultaneously following the teacher's commands, and sometimes, showing respect to portraits of the founder by bowing to the picture or national flags). Many modern Korean martial arts also make use of colored belts to denote rank, tests to increase in rank, and the use of Korean titles when denoting the teacher. These include:
These Korean terms are based on Confucian rank systems (with the same Chinese characters). Many schools also make use of Korean terminology and numbers during practice. TerminologyKorean martial arts are usually practiced in a dojang (도장), which may also be referred to as cheyukkwan (체육관 / 體育館, i.e., gymnasium). The practitioners wear a uniform or dobok (도복) with a belt or tti (띠) wrapped around it. This belt usually shows which grade the practitioner has attained. A student usually starts with a white belt and moves through a range of colored belts (which differ from style to style) before reaching the black belt. The grades before black belt are referred to as geup or kup (급), while the black belt grades are referred to as dan (단). In some cases, students less than 16 years old are not given dan grades, but rather poom (품) or "junior black belt" grades. Some styles use stripes on the black belt to show which dan the practitioner holds. It is common for a system to have nine geup grades and nine dan grades. While it might only take a few months to go from one geup to the next, it can take years to go from one dan to the next. Most of the above terms are identical to those used in Japanese styles (such as karate), but with the Chinese characters read in Korean pronunciation, with a few exceptions (dobok and tti have been altered to fit the Korean language). In some styles, like taekgyeon, the hanbok is worn instead of a dobok. The v-neck of many styles of taekwondo uniform was supposedly fashioned after the hanbok. Styles of Korean martial arts
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